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How Integrated Nature-Climate Action (INCA) relates to existing frameworks such as climate resilient development and Nature-based Solutions (NbS). The box on the right of the figure shows how NbS directly link to natural (land, water, oceans and coastal zones) systems, while INCA can target natural systems as well as anthropogenic ones (i.e. infrastructures linked to the energy systems, transport, industry, the built environment). Here, industries refer to heavy (e.g. aluminium, cement, chemicals, plastics, metals and mining sectors) as well as light industry (e.g. retail, consumer goods, fashion, mobile and ICT). Actions and solutions considered may target the finance, resilience and level of circularity in these systems. They could also target law and justice, something not currently considered under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Action Agenda pathways. All climate-focussed NbS can be considered INCAs, but NbS (i) are directly associated to a specific place/location within natural systems and (ii) deliver long-term outcomes (while INCA can deliver both term and short-term outcomes). This figure is an adaptation from a figure presented in the Improved Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action (UNFCCC, 2021). On the left-hand side of the figure, we provide examples of specific actions that could be considered INCA, and how these actions can ultimately support enhanced well-being. The blue dotted line highlights how all these interventions sit within the climate-nature nexus.

Journal of Applied Ecology

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  • Hagenström, P., Pettorelli, N., Boran, I. et al. From pledges to places: action agendas need spatial data to integrate climate and biodiversity action. npj Clim. Action 4, 100 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44168-025-00307-5
  • Folkard-Tapp, H., Boran, I., Chan, S., Dombrowsky, I., Penney, T. L., Bazely, D., Ruzigandekwe, F., Alook, A., & Pettorelli, N. (2025). Beyond Nature-based Solutions: The case for Integrated Nature-Climate Action. Journal of Applied Ecology, 00, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.70130
  • Boran, I., Pettorelli, N., Köberle, A. C., Borges, R. A., De Palma, A., Delgado, D., Deneault, A., Deprez, A., Imbach, P., Jennings, N. R., Salzmann, A. M., Widerberg, O., & Chan, S. (2024). Making Global Climate Action work for nature and people: Priorities for Race to Zero and Race to Resilience. Environmental Science & Policy, 159, 103803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103803
BioCAM4

Biodiversity Integration in Climate Adaptation and Mitigation Actions for Planet, People, and Human Health

BioCAM4

BioCAM4 is supported in part by funding from the Government of Canada’s New Frontiers in Research Fund (NFRF).

BioCAM4 est financé en partie par le fonds Nouvelles frontières en recherche du gouvernement du Canada.

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